아프리카에서의 자트로파 재배

최근 아프리카에서 자트로파를 대량 재배하겠다는 계획이 여러 발표된다.  밑의 Ardent Energy는 미국회사로 그리 큰 회사는 아닌데 에티오피아에가서 15,000 헥타르의 땅을 자트로파 재배용으로 임차하기고 하였고, Gold Star Farms라는 회사가 가나에 50,000헥타르의 땅을 역시 같은 목적으로 확보하였다는 기사가 나온다.

 

자트로파는 수년전서부터 바이오디젤의 원료작물로 주목을 받았다. 단위 에이커당 기름 수확량이 크고, 건조하여 일반 작물이 자라기 힘든 척박한 땅에서도 자라고, 한번 심으면 30년간 수확가능하다는 것이다.

 

그런데 인도에서 자트로파에 대해 추가적으로 연구한 결과 척박한 땅에서 재배할 경우 기름의 수확량이 떨어진다는 것이다. 즉 일반 식용작물과 마찬가지로 비옥한 땅에서 재배해야 된다는 결론이 나온 것이다.

 

그리고 자트로파의 또다른 단점은 열매를 사람 손으로 따서 수확하기 때문에 인력이 많이 들어간다는 것이다. 

 

그리고 각국 토양에 맞는 종자를 고르는 것이 아직 불확실하다. 그런데 그러한 부분은 일부 진도가 있는 것으로 보인다. 미국 캘리포니아에 소재한 SG Biofuels는 종자 선택을 위해 유전학센터를 연다는 것도 발표하였다.

 

지금 아프리카에서 자트로파를 재배하려는 계획이 많이 발표되는 것은 아프리카의 아직 풍부한 인력을 이용하기 위한 것이다.

 

그런데 자트로파의 수율을 극대화하기 위해 일반 식용작물을 기르는 땅에서 재배하게 될 경우 아프리카의 식량부족 문제를 심화한다는 비판을 받을 수 있다.

 

그런데 아프리카를 실제 방문해 보면 아직 유휴인 땅들이 많이 남아 있다는 것을 발견한다. 그러면 자트로파가 식용작물 재배지역과 겹치지 않으면서도 경작의 동기 부여를 할만한 곳을 찾아야 될 것이다.

 

밑에 소개된 에티오피아나 가나가 그러한 지역을 고른 것인지는 알 수가 없다. 진행사항을 보면서 판단해야 될 것으로 보인다.

 

 

자트로파 농장이 많은 일자리를 준다는 점은 부인할 수 없다.  다만 현금 작물 및 일자리 그리고 식용작물에 대한 경작지 확보라는 것이 사회적으로 충돌이 되지 않도록 균형이 되어야 할 것이다.

 

Ardent Energy to acquire 15,000 hectares in Ethiopia for jatropha biodiesel

In Ethiopia, Ardent Energy Group announced today an agreement with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD) of Ethiopia to transfer 15,000 hectares, approximately 37,000 acres, to AEG for the purpose of cultivating jatropha and castor.

The resultant crop will be refined into usable biodiesel fuel. The 15,000 hectares outlined in the memorandum of understanding (MOU) is in the Metekel Zone, Gublak District within Benshangul Gumuz in western Ethiopia. The MOU establishes a 50-year lease on the land for AEG, and includes permission to operate an oil crushing plant and biodiesel processing facility.

Jatropha and castor were selected as the first source of oil by AEG due to the resiliency of the plant, its ability to grow in marginal soil conditions and the extremely high-yield of oil to hectare as compared to other crops such as soybean.

 

Jatropha oil pioneer SG Biofuels opens Jatropha Genetic Resource Center

In California, jatropha oil developer SG Biofuels announced the opening of its Jatropha Genetic Resource Center to further accelerate profitable, large-scale production of Jatropha as a low-cost, sustainable source of feedstock for biofuel.

“Our library of genetic material provides an unprecedented opportunity to push this undomesticated crop to its full potential,” said Kirk Haney, president and CEO for SG Biofuels said in a statement.  “We already have identified many strains whose characteristics suggest we’ve only scratched the surface for the production capabilities of Jatropha.  Our GRC allows us to identify commercially valuable traits and continue to enhance them through our genetic and scientific programs.”

The company said that it expects to reach yields of 200-300 gallons of extractable oil per acre based on its advanced site selection, breeding and cultivation techniques.

Ghana’s Jatropha conundrum – more questions than answers

Ghana is already making history as it leads in Africa’s Jatropha investment story.

Indeed, Ghana is a remarkable country for making history in Africa south of the Sahara. The country often stands out for the best and worst in both what is imaginable and unimaginable. The country is the first south of the Sahara to attain independence and end colonial rule by the British.

Not long ago, the country made history again in Africa for conducting a free and fair election which it proudly followed up with a peaceful transfer of political power to a new government.

And too soon, the country is in the news again. Ghana is becoming the Jatropha centre in Africa south of the Sahara. The attraction which the country has as a welcoming place for investors interested in the wonder plant, Jatropha which hopefully, would be the world’s answer to alternative energy sources is resonating across the globe even in such difficult times when the entire globe is being buffeted by an economic crisis. Despite the economic crisis, the investors in Jatropha and other biofuel crops are trooping into Ghana pledging investments in tens of millions of dollars.

The attraction is such that a global conference claiming to assemble giants in the area of knowledge and expertise in cultivating Jatropha and turning it into biodiesel worth millions of dollars for export has been held in Ghana.

But as one digs deeper into the Jatropha story, one appears to be dogged by more questions than answers.

Ghana Jatropha report

In 2005, the government of Ghana set up a Biofuel Committee (BFC) with the objective to develop a National Biofuel Policy (NBP).

The BFC conducted a study and submitted the following recommendations:

The BFC recommended that National Biofuel Policy should  accelerate the development of the biofuel industry in Ghana with special emphasis on the production of biodiesel from Jatropha.

It recommended that the country should substitute 20% of national gasoil consumption and 30% of national kerosene consumption with Jatropha oil by 2015; remove institutional barriers in order to promote private sector investments and management of the biodiesel industry.

Another recommendation was to create favourable regulatory climate to ensure development of; competitive market; favourable pricing regime and high quality product.

It also called for Research and Development to improve the efficiency of biodiesel production technologies, reduce production costs, to raise quality and efficacy of product and suggested that in the medium to long term, Ghana should become a net-exporter of biofuels.

It has been four years now and there is yet to be a clearly defined policy on the biofuel sector to give the industry some structure. And so it appears, as it stands now, it is a free-for-all situation.

Claims about Jatropha

Jatropha, obviously has a valuable use, as its seed contains oil that can be used for biodiesel to power machines and cars. But it appears we don’t have all the facts and as a result there are several claims being made about Jatropha’s economic value to the globe.

One biofuels company Gold Star Farms claims on its website that the company plants a “specific strain of Jatropha that takes one year before they bear fruit and two years before they are producing a full yield.”

One of the company’s executives, Mr. Jack Holden has said that it has commitments from farmers to grow the crop on approximately five million acres of land in Ghana.

The company, he added, plans to begin producing biodiesel at its facility in Nkawkaw, in the Eastern region of Ghana, in 2009.

Jatropha seeds

He said these sometime last year after Gold Star Biofuels, a subsidiary of Ghana based Gold Star Farms Ltd, had formed a joint venture with Aiken, S.C.-based USFuelTech LLC, a provider of turnkey modular biodiesel production facilities, to design and build small biodiesel plants in Chile that will use locally cultivated Jatropha as a feedstock.

The claim that the company is planting a strain which produces yields in two years is doubtful as the experience in India has shown. In the India experiment 22 agribusiness colleges were involved, and their reports were unanimous – it takes about four to five years for Jatropha plants to yield.

And D1 Oils a British company, which was involved in a large scale Jatropha project in India believes that it will be at least an eight-year wait before varieties with good yields on wastelands are developed. Even D1’s E1 variety is not yet available in sufficient quantities, a report in the Naional, an Adu Dhabi publication has said. D1 Oils is one of the companies operating in Ghana.

The claim that Jatropha grows on marginal or wastelands is also questionable. It has been asserted by researchers in India that if planted on marginal land, the plant would only yield marginally. In other words, Jatropha would yield efficiently when planted on arable land, making it compete with land for food crops which is the contention of opponents of the Jatropha promoters.

Professor RR Shah of Navsari Agricultural University was quoted by the National as saying that “the literature said that with dry land, after four years’ growth, you can get a yield of 1kg per plant. For us, it is hardly 200g per plant.”

Someone who said he is an agronomist said in a comment on an earlier article on Jatropha on ghanabusinessnews.com that he had told proponents of large scale Jatropha on marginal land that every plant needs irrigation and fertile soil to grow well and produce high yields, and so is Jatropha.  He further argues that the claim that Jatropha can give high yields on waste lands has not yet fully been investigated.

He further made an interesting observation; he said, “moreover, from an agriculture point of view, adding mineral fertilizers in a soil containing less organic matter induces a loss of fertility!”

The cost of cultivation

The cost of cultivating Jatropha from all indications is high. As one investor has said, the
cost of cultivating 10,000 hectares of Jatropha is US$14 million, and that excludes irrigation and does not include processing for the extraction of the oil.

And according to the UN, harvesting Jatropha requires one worker for every one acre of land.

The cost of fossil fuel as against biofuel

The cost of producing biofuels, would make much reason in as much as the cost of fossil fuels remain high. But when prices come down, it makes little economic sense to continue to invest in biofuels, even though, it is also being argued that biofuels are more useful to the environment, or is it not?

NGOs, such as FoodSPAN, Action Aid and lately Friends of the Earth have been making calls for rationalization of the biofuels sector in Ghana and other African countries. But these NGOs have been accused of raising false alarm. It is being argued that NGOs need donor money to survive and the only way they get sponsorship for their activities is to make noise about a situation and make it look bad, even though, the case might not be so.

FoodSPAN and Action Aid are claiming that arable land is being taken away from poor farmers in the northern part of Ghana for the cultivation of Jatropha for the production of biofuels. These activities they claim is further pushing these poor farmers into deeper poverty and hunger and leading to further deforestation which also has consequences for the environment.

But the biofuels companies, mostly multinationals from wealthy nations claim otherwise.

Their alibi is that they are providing jobs for local farmers and building local communities with their investments. They insist their activities are not in anyway harmful to local farming activities, but rather a blessing.

But as events stand now, Ghana certainly is in a Jatropha conundrum, which only more clearer, convincing answers can resolve.

By Emmanuel K. Dogbevi

Email: edogbevi@hotmail.com